Hundreds of thousands of protesters, inspired by frustrated high school students, took to the streets across France on Saturday in a third consecutive weekend of demonstrations over living costs and education.
Youth-led protests also took place elsewhere in Europe, including Germany and Portugal.
France's protests were overwhelmingly peaceful, with whimsical Halloween costumes lightening the mood, but gatherings in Paris and other cities ended in clouds of tear gas and scattered fires set by small groups on the margins.
About 70,000 police and gendarmes were deployed across the country after French Interior Minister Laurent Nuñez warned of a "very high risk" of disorder, especially after dark on Halloween. Paris marches were rerouted to the capital's edge to protect stores, government buildings and tourist areas in the city center.
France's government estimated that 320,000 people protested nationwide Saturday, fewer than in previous protests but still a significant turnout. Mass protests on Oct. 17 that deteriorated into some of France's worst rioting in years drew 550,000 people around France, and demonstrations on Oct. 24 drew 410,000, according to government estimates. Organizers' turnout estimates are higher.